ABSTRACT
Colleges and universities worldwide have adopted online teaching for short or long periods in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. This study examines the appraisal results of specific techno-stressors related to online instruction and how these appraisal results impact teachers' continuance intention towards online instruction. The investigation is important because it enables university administrators to manage different techno-stressors distinctively and adopt appropriate coping strategies to support online teaching. A research model is developed based on the transactional theory of stress (TTS) and tested empirically with a sample of 201 university teachers in China. The results reveal that (a) work overload is positively associated with university teachers' challenge appraisal but negatively associated with their threat appraisal;(b) invasion of privacy is not significantly associated with challenge or threat appraisal;(c) work–home conflict is positively associated with threat appraisal but negatively associated with challenge appraisal;and (d) challenge appraisal is positively associated with continuance intention, while threat appraisal is negatively associated with continuance intention. Implications for online learning during pandemics are discussed. © 2023, De La Salle University.
ABSTRACT
Background: The major promise for promoting primary care intuitions to take the initiative to play an active role in containing the COVID-19 pandemic is defining the duties and roles that they should undertake. Objective: To review the policy documents related to COVID-19 issued by China's health administrative departments to make a systematic summary of the responsibilities and duties that should be undertaken by primary care institutions, offering guidance for COVID-19 containment in various regions of China. Methods: In August 2021, we searched the official websites of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China(PRC)and its subordinate institutions for policy documents related to COVID-19 using "primary careinstitutions" "prevention and control at the community level" "COVID-19" and "COVID-19 prevention and control" as the main search terms. The policy documents containing "COVID-19 prevention and control" and "primary careinstitutions" were sorted out in chronological order of publication, and their contents were intensively reviewed, organized, summarized and analyzed. Results: Thirty-four policy documents extracted from the official websites of the National Health Commission of the PRC and its three subordinate institutions(Department of Primary Health, the former Bureau of Medical Administration and the former Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control)were finally enrolled. They were mainly formulated by the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council in Response to the COVID-19, General Office and Department of Primary Health of the National Health Commission of the PRC. According to these policy documents, the major responsibilities of primary care institutions in containing COVID-19 include: early detection and reporting the suspected COVID-19 cases;receiving trainings regarding knowledge related to COVID-19 containment and emergency preparedness drills for coping with the pandemic;strengthening nosocomial COVID-19 infection containment and personal protection against the pandemic;cooperating with the community in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic;implementing health education about COVID-19 containmentusing a scientific approach;health management of priority populations;collecting and submitting nucleic acid samples;COVID vaccination. Conclusion: Primary care institutions play a vital role in containing COVID-19 in China. The local governments should follow policy guidelines, and take measures according to the local conditions to facilitate the primary care in stitutions to better their performance in response to COVID-19 as frontline responders. Copyright © 2022 by the Chinese General Practice.
ABSTRACT
Remote sensing course is a general disciplinary required course of human geography and urban-rural planning major. Its class hour is 48, including theoretical classes and experimental classes. Rapid technological developments is remote sensing area demand quick and steady changes in the education programme and its realization, especially in experimental classes. Experimental classes include: introduction to remote sensing software and basic operations, remote sensing data pre-processing (input, output, 2D and 3D terrain display, image cut, image mosaic, and projection transformation), remote sensing image enhancement, remote sensing image transformation, computer aided classification, image interpretation, and remote sensing image terrain analysis. There are two difficulties in the remote sensing experimental classes. First, it cost a lot of time to prepare the remote sensing software and the remote sensing images. Second, some students just want to use the remote sensing as a tool to investigate environment changing, some other students may want to study more remote sensing image processing technologies. A web-based learning environment of remote sensing is developed to facilitate the application of remote sensing experimental teaching. To make the learning more effective, there are eight modules including four optional modules. The Python programming language is chosen to implement the web-based remote sensing learning environment. The web-based learning environment is implemented in a local network server, including the remote sensing data processing algorithms and many satellite image data. Students can easily exercise the remote sensing experimental courses by connecting to the local network server. It is developed mainly for remote sensing experimental course, and also can be adopted by digital image processing or other courses. The feature of web-based learning may be very useful as the online education adopted because of Corona Virus Disease 2019. The results are encouraging and some recommendations will be extracted for the future. © 2020 Authors.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the clinical characteristics, change of liver function, influencing factors and prognosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) combined with liver injury. Methods: The general conditions, biochemical indicators of liver, blood clotting mechanism, routine blood test, UGT1A1 * 28 gene polymorphism and other data of 40 cases with COVID-19 admitted to the isolation ward of Tangdu Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics, influencing factors and prognosis of liver injury in patients with liver injury group and those with normal liver function group were compared. The mean of two samples in univariate analysis was compared by t-test and analysis of variance. The counting data was measured by χ(2) tests. The non-normal distribution measurement data were described by the median, and the non-parametric test was used. Statistically significant influencing factors were used as the independent variables in univariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the main influencing factors of liver injury. Results: Of the 40 cases, 25 were male (62.5%) and 15 were female (37.5%), aged 22 to 83 (53.87 ± 15.84) years. Liver injury was occurred in 22 cases (55%) during the course of the disease. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was initially increased (4.4 to 3.5 times of the normal value) along with decrease of albumin in the second week, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Ten cases (43.5%) had highest abnormal total blood bilirubin (54.1 µmol/ L). There was no correlation between the increase in transaminase and the increase in total blood bilirubin (R = -0.006, P = 0.972). Three cases had prothrombin activity (PTA) of ≤50%, 10 cases had elevated FDP, and 13 cases had elevated D-dimer, all of whom were severe or critically ill. Liver function injury was more likely to occur in patients who used many types of drugs and large amounts of hormones (P = 0.002, P = 0.031), and there was no correlation with the TA6TA7 mutation in the UGT1A1 * 28 gene locus. Multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of liver injury was only related to critical illness. The liver function of all patients had recovered within one week after conventional liver protection treatment. Conclusion: COVID-19 combined with liver function injury may be due to the slight elevation of transaminase, mostly around the second week of the disease course. Severe patients have a higher proportion of liver injury, and critical type is an independent risk factor for liver injury.